Evolution Lab

Associate Level Material Appendix O EvolutionLab Report |Ful | | |Date | | Use this document to report your findings from the EvolutionLab Exploration Experiment. The lab report consists of three sections: Data, Exploration, and Lab Summary. Data: copy any data, graphs, charts, or notes that you have saved in your EvolutionLab online notebook into this section. Exploration: Answer the questions.The questions in the Exploration section are the same questions in your EvolutionLab instructions. Lab Summary: Write a 100- to 200-word summary. Data To copy your data from your online notebook into this section, click on Export Graph and then copy and paste your data into this section. You must disable your pop-up blocker before exporting. Identify each set of data with a title. Exploration Answer the following questions in fewer than 100 words: Activity 1: Modes of Natural Selection What type of selection is taking place on Wallace Island? Explain.Directional Selection is taking place. Th e beak size is increasing on Wallace Island from 11. 85 to 19. 13, and the population is increasing as well. This is because there are more seeds available that the birds can eat. What type of selection is taking place on Darwin Island? Explain. Directional selection is taking place. The beak size increases slowly, from 12. 47 to 26. 95. The population decreased because of the lack of seeds available for the birds to eat. Explain the reason for any differences in population numbers between the two islands.The population increased on Wallace island because there were more seeds for the birds to eat, meaning there was more of a chance for them to survive and reproduce. The population decreased on Darwin island because there were no seeds for the birds to eat and without an abundant food supply they can not reproduce. Activity 2: Extinction Develop a hypothesis to predict what conditions would lead to extinction of a finch population. If there was no participation on a small island the Finch would become extinct.Which of the parameters is most important in determining whether a population goes extinct? Variance is most important What are at least two different sets of conditions that may lead to extinction? Small Island, no precipitation Small Island, No variance Summarize the steps you took to complete the experiment you designed. I set the parameters on precipitation to 0, and the island size to . 3km. I then ran the experiment for 300 years. Summarize the result of the experiment you designed. The Finch was extinct by 2033.The beak size stayed the same until extinction. Lab Summary Address the following points in a 100-to 200-word summary: Summarize the general principles and purpose of the lab. This lab is designed to help understand how precipitation, variance, and area have a role in the evolution of a species, in this case, Finches. It also explains the different types of selection. Explain how this lab helped you better understand the topics and concepts addressed this week. This lab really helped explain the concept of evolution.Not only did it cover population grown/ decrease but it also covered the changes that animals go through to adapt to their ever changing environments. Describe what you found challenging about this lab. I did not really find anything challenging about this lab. The information was very easy to understand and the set up was easy to work with after completing previous labs. Describe what you found interesting about this lab. I found it interesting to see how one parameter can have such a large effect on a species, even over a relatively small (300 year) amount of time. Evolution Lab Evolution Lab The finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands feed on seeds produced by plants growing on these islands. There are three categories of seeds: soft seeds, produced by plants that do well under wet conditions; seeds that are intermediate in hardness, produced by plants that do best under moderate precipitation; and hard seeds, produced by plants that dominate in drought conditions.The lab is based on a model for the evolution of quantitative traits-characteristics of an individual that are controlled by large numbers of genes. These traits are studied by looking at the statistical distribution of the trait in populations and investigating how the distribution changes from one generation to the next. For the finches in Evolution Lab, the depth of the beak is the quantitative trait. I investigated how this trait changes under different biological and environmental conditions.I manipulated various biological parameters (initial mean beak size, heritability of beak size, variatio n in beak size, fitness, and clutch size) and one environmental parameter (precipitation) of the system, and observed changes in the distributions of beak size and population numbers over time. Assignment 2: The Influence of Precipitation on Beak Size and Population Number The first experiment is designed to study the influence of beak size on finch population numbers. For finches, deep beaks are strong beaks, ideally suited for cracking hard seeds, and shallow beaks are better suited for cracking soft seeds.I experimented first with the finches’ adaptation and evolution of their population over 300 years, and changed the Wallace birds beak size to 28mm, and Darwin’s birds stayed at the default of 12mm. I hypothesize a since there are more hard seeds (64%) on the islands than soft seeds (4%). The birds with the smaller beak (Darwin) will not be able to get enough food which may cause some of the birds to die, resulting in a decrease in the smaller beak bird’s po pulation and an increase in the larger beak (Wallace) birds population because of the larger beak size better able to eat hard seeds.Darwin: Red Wallace: Blue I observed that the Darwin birds (smaller beak) actually grew up to about 25mm, as well as the Darwin bird’s population grew over time. The Wallace bird’s beak stayed the same as well as the population stayed steady but grew. The data actually refutes my hypothesis because I didn’t expect the smaller beak sized birds to grow to adapt to the seeds, I expected them to die off. This next experiment is designed to explore the effect of precipitation on finch beak size and population numbers.The experiment was to see how a decrease in precipitation on Darwin Island might affect beak size and how a decrease in precipitation might influence population numbers for these finches over time. I hypothesize a decrease in rain will produce more hard seeds because the hard seeds favor drought conditions, while the other seeds will not increase. And the decrease in rain may only slightly cause the finch population to decrease at first, but then will increase and stay steady as the birds have time to adapt to the drought conditions and their beaks will evolve.I observed that the beak sized for Darwin’s birds supported my hypothesis in that the birds beak sized increased with time. And the population did what I thought too, in that it decreased at first and then increased steadily. I then ran another experiment for 200 and 300 years separately. I observed that the 200 years population and beaks did about the same as the 100 year experiment. Which still confirm my hypothesis. But the 300 years, the bird’s populations and beaks sizes on both islands increased, but that the Darwin birds eventually passed Wallace’s birds in population and beak sized.I then performed the same experiment for both Wallace Island and Darwin Island simultaneously. I noticed that the 100 and 200 years beak size and population both increased and, but Darwin’s birds were still behind Wallace island birds. But then at the 300 year both beaks and populations were almost the same increase. My hypothesis on how an increase in precipitation on Darwin will influence beak size is that the beak sizes should become smaller and more shallow because the increase in rain will make softer seeds and smaller, shallow beaks are better for soft seeds. And the bird’s population will increase..I observed just what I hypothesized – the beaks grew smaller and their populations grew huge. When I reran the experiment I observed that Wallace island birds also followed the similar growth for beaks and population as the Darwin birds. When I ran the experiment by increasing precipitation on Wallace Island to 50 cm/year and increasing beak size to 28 mm, for 300 years, I observed the beak sized actually decreased slightly and the population stayed steady and in line with the Darwin birds. Next experiment I decreased beak size on both of the islands to an intermediate value. I decreased rainfall on one island to a value close to zero.On the other island, I increase rainfall close to the maximum value and ran the experiment for 300 years. I observed different effects on each island. On the Darwin island with a medium beak size and almost no rain had increase in beak size and population. The Wallace birds with a medium beak size and lots of rain had a decrease in beak size and a steady increase in population. Assignment 4: Effect of Island Size My hypothesis for what effect an increase in island size will have on beak size and finch populations is that the beak size will have an increase and population will increase.I began my experiment by leaving all other parameters at their default values. Then changed the island size of Darwin to the highest it could go to 1km. The beak sized increased as predicted and so did the population increased. When I decreased island size, the beak size grew and the population dropped off first in the beginning but then increased with time. Based on previous experiments if I decrease the clutch size the birds populations will decrease a great deal. Also if I decrease the heritability parameter, and decrease clutch size the populations decrease – which looked like to the point of extinction.

Grading Summary Essay

Question 1. Question : (TCO A) The Financial Accounting Standards Board employs a â€Å"due process† system, which: has all CPAs in the United States vote on a new statement. enables interested parties to express their views on issues under consideration. identifies the accounting issues that are the most important. requires that all accountants receive a copy of financial standards. Points Received: 5 of 5 Question 2. Question : (TCO A) The cash method of accounting  is used by most publicly traded corporations for financial statement purposes. is not in accordance with the matching principle for most publicly traded corporations. often is used on the income statement by large, publicly held companies. All of the above Question 3. Question : (TCO A) Which of the following is an ingredient of relevance? Verifiability Completeness Neutrality Predictive value Question 4. Question : (TCO A) The characteristic that is demonstrated when a high degree of consensus can be secured among independent measurers using the same measurement methods is relevance. reliability. verifiability. neutrality. Question 5. Question : (TCO A) Which of the following is not a basic element of financial statements? Assets Balance sheet Losses Revenues Question 6. Question : (TCO A) Which basic element of financial statements arises from peripheral or incidental transactions? Assets Liabilities Gains Expenses Question 7. Question : (TCO A) Which basic assumption may not be followed when a firm in bankruptcy reports financial results? Economic entity assumption Going concern assumption Periodicity assumption Monetary unit assumption Question 8. Question : (TCO D) Balance sheet information is useful for all of the following except to compute rates of return. analyze cash inflows and outflows for the period. evaluate capital structure. assess future cash flows. Question 9. Question : (TCO D) The amount of time that is expected to elapse until an asset is realized or otherwise converted into cash is referred to as solvency. financial flexibility. liquidity. exchangeability. Question 10. Question : (TCO A) The quality of information that gives assurance that is reasonably free of error and bias and is complete is relevance. faithful representation. verifiability. neutrality. Question 1. Question : (TCO D) The basis for classifying assets as current or noncurrent is conversion to cash within the accounting cycle or one year, whichever is shorter. the operating cycle or one year, whichever is longer. the accounting cycle or one year, whichever is longer. the operating cycle or one year, whichever is shorter. Question 2. Question : (TCO A) What is FASB Codification? Explain in detail. Instructor Explanation: The codification takes the statements and other pronouncements and arranges the information by topic. Per the FASB, the new system will 1. reduce the amount of time and effort required to solve an accounting research issue; 2. mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature; 3. provide accurate information with real-time updates as new standards are released; and 4. assist the FASB with the research and convergence efforts required during the standard-setting process. Question 3. Question : (TCO C) At Ruth Company, events and transactions during 2010 included the following. The tax rate for all items is 30%. (1) Depreciation for 2008 was found to be understated by $30,000. (2) A strike by the employees of a supplier resulted in a loss of $25,000. (3) The inventory at December 31, 2008 was overstated by $40,000. (4) A flood destroyed a building that had a book value of $500,000. Floods are very uncommon in that area. What would the effect of these events and transactions on 2010 income from continuing operations net of tax be? Instructor Explanation: $25,000 – $7,500 = $17,500 Question 4. Question : (TCO C) For the year ended December 31, 2010, Transformers Inc. reported the following. Net income $60,000 Preferred dividends declared $10,000 Common dividend declared $2,000 Unrealized holding loss, net of tax $1,000 Retained earnings, beginning balance $80,000 Common stock sold during the year Retained earnings, beginning balance $80,000 Common stock $40,000 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Beginning Balance $5,000 What would Transformers report as the ending balance of retained earnings? Instructor Explanation: $80,000 + $60,000 – $10,000 – $2,000 = $128,000 Question 5. Question : (TCO C) Madsen Company reported the following information for 2010. Sales revenue $510,000 Cost of goods sold $350,000 Operating expenses $55,000 Unrealized holding gain on available-for-sale securities $40,000 Cash dividends received on the securities $2,000 For 2010, what would Madsen report as other comprehensive income? Instructor Explanation: Other comprehensive income = $40,000 Question 6. Question : (TCO B) Allowance for doubtful accounts on 1/1/10 was $50,000. The balance in the allowance account on 12/31/10 after making the annual adjusting entry was $65,000, and during 2010, bad debts written off amounted to $40,000. You are to provide the missing adjusting entry. Please indicate DR (debit) or CR (credit) to the left of the account title, and place a comma between the account title and the amount of the adjustment. Instructor Explanation: DR Bad Debt Expense 55,000 CR Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 55,000 Ending balance $65,000 Beginning balance 50,000 Difference 15,000 Written off 40,000 Adjustment $55,000 Question 7. Question : (TCO B) Allowance for doubtful accounts on 1/1/10 was $75,000. The balance in the allowance account on 12/31/10 after making the annual adjusting entry was $60,000, and during 2010, bad debts written off amounted to $30,000. You are to provide the missing adjusting entry. Please indicate DR (debit) or CR (credit) to the left of the account title, and place a comma between the account title and the amount of the adjustment. Instructor Explanation: DR Bad Debt Expense 15,000 CR Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 15,000 Ending balance $60,000 Beginning balance 75,000 Difference -15000 Written off 30000 Adjustment $15,000 Question 8. Question : (TCO B) Allowance for doubtful accounts on 1/1/10 was $60,000. The balance in the allowance account on 12/31/10 after making the annual adjusting entry was $55,000, and during 2010, bad debts written off amounted to $40,000. You are to provide the missing adjusting entry. Please indicate DR (debit) or CR (credit) to the left of the account title, and place a comma between the account title and the amount of the adjustment. Instructor Explanation: 12/31/10 Ending Balance 55,000 1/1/10 Beginning Balance 60,000 Adjustment -5,000 Written off 40,000 Adjusting entry 35,000 DR Bad Debts Expense, 35,000 CR Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, 35,000 Question 9. Question : (TCO B) Prepaid rent at 1/1/10 was $30,000. During 2010, rent payments of $120,000 were made and charged to â€Å"rent expense.† The 2010 income statement shows as a general expense the item â€Å"rent expense† in the amount of $125,000. You are to prepare the missing adjusting entry that must have been made, assuming reversing entries are not made. Please indicate DR (debit) or CR (credit) to the left of the account title, and place a comma between the account title and the amount of the adjustment Instructor Explanation: DR Rent Expense 5,000 CR Prepaid Rent 5,000 Rent expense $125,000 Less cash paid 120,000 Reduction in prepaid rent $5,000 Question 10. Question : (TCO D) Which of the following should be reported for capital stock? The shares authorized The shares issued The shares outstanding All of the above Question 11. Question : (TCO D) An example of an item that is not an element of working capital is accrued interest on notes receivable. goodwill. goods in process. temporary investments. Question 12. Question : (TCO A) Financial information exhibits the characteristic of consistency when expenses are reported as charges against revenue in the period in which they are paid. accounting entities give accountable events the same accounting  treatment from period to period. extraordinary gains and losses are not included on the income statement. accounting procedures are adopted which give a consistent rate of net income Question 13. Question : (TCO D) The current assets section of the balance sheet should include machinery. patents. goodwill. inventory. Question 14. Question : (TCO D) Houghton Company has the following items: common stock, $720,000; treasury stock, $85,000; deferred taxes, $100,000, and retained earnings, $313,000. What total amount should Houghton Company report as stockholders’ equity? $848,000 $948,000 $1,048,000 $1,118,000 Instructor Explanation: General Feedback: b. $720,000 – $85,000 + $313,000 = $948,000.

Media Reaction Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Reaction Project - Essay Example The report objective is to investigate whether race played any role or influenced administration of capital penalties to defendants. Racial bias is not constitutionally right and should be eradicated at all cost possible. The paper main focus is correlated to the racial profiling and prosecution as taught earlier in the semesters. The paper focuses on the judgement that was mainly influenced by the race of the defendant in the case of Furman Vs the state of Georgia. In this dissertation, we mainly base on the case of Furman and try to figure out the unfair justice that was administered to him by the Jury. Furman indeed committed a crime as he had entered in a private home without permission most probably to steal. Unluckily for him, one of the family members of that house while stealing found him in the act. He wanted to run away but on his attempt, his gun tripped and fell down. The weapon was stuck it went off shooting the family member. The state treated the case as homicide instead of manslaughter base on the circumstatences that he murder occurred. Furman was guilty even before the case started and he was sentenced to the death by the famous Georgia death penalty for homicide. Furman was mentally ill and a black American. He had five votes for him and four votes against him. Instead, the court decided to apply other statutes an act that was unconstitutional. The court never considered the fact that Furman was not sane this reveals the poin t of racial discrimination in the case. He was not given chance for a fair trial for the logical thing was for the judge to instruct that a medical examination be carried out on him and determine the state of his mind to stand trial. I decided to use the case of Furman as it has solid evidences that show that the prosecution judged against him was unfair. Analyse the jury decision in totality, how the voting was done and their concluding

Why does Stonehenge continue to capture the imagination Essay

Why does Stonehenge continue to capture the imagination - Essay Example The construction on Stonehenge began about 5,000 years ago and was completed about 4,000 years ago. The huge and colossal scale and strange aim of Stonehenge draw the attention of eight hundred thousand visitors every year, and many people visit this monument during summers to view the sunrise at this mystical and ancient site (UNESCO, 2012). The Stonehenge is undoubtedly a spectacular sun rise and sun set view and is obviously seen as a site of worship for the ancient people of Europe. History says nothing about the religion of Stonehenge people but the site became a place for worship and pilgrimage for Neo pagans who recognized themselves as Celtic paganism or Druids. The site is also popular with the people of New Age who say that the site has some powerful energy associated with it. Not only the construction but the location and site of Stonehenge also capture the attention of thousands of people visiting it each year (Stonehenge, 2012). Even today, the construction of Stonehenge is said to be an inspiring achievement of the engineers, requiring time and commitment, and also a huge amount of manual labor. First, there was a huge bank and ditch known as ‘henge’ dug into the surface of Earth around 5,000 years ago. The ditch as made by tools made up of wood or antlers of red deer. The fundamental chalk was united by picks and scooped with shoulder blades of the cattle. Subsequently, it was put into baskets and then moved away (Stonehenge, 2012). In 2000 BC, the very first stone circle (the inner circle) made up of tiny bluestones, was set up, but was discarded even before its completion. The stones which were used for the first circle are thought to be taken from Prescelly Mountains, which are situated almost 240 miles away from the Stonehenge, in the southwestern side of Wales. These bluestones have a weight of about four tons per stone and almost eighty stones are used. Considering the distance and the transportation mood of that time, it was a lot of distance to cover (Heritage). Still today, nobody has been able to give an accurate answer of who built the Stonehenge. It is still a mystery to be solved which makes this place even more eye catching and astonishing. The construction of the monument has been linked to several ancient populations, but the most lasting and appealing ascription has been given to the Druids as described earlier. This wrong conception was brought in by John Aubrey around three centuries ago. Some Roman writers, including Julius Caesar link this construction to Celtic priesthood who grew at the time of their initial conquest in about 55BC. But, the stones were already standing there for 2,000 years by this time, and most probably were in a devastated condition. Furthermore, the Druids were worshippers of forest temples and not stone structures (Stonehenge, 2012). King Arthur’s legends give a reconciliation of Stonehenge construction. It was narrated by Geoffrey, the famous writer of twelft h century, in his book â€Å"History of the Kings of Britain† that the stones were brought in by Merlin from Ireland to Salisbury Plain. During the 5th Century, there was an annihilation of three hundred British noblemen by Hengest (deceitful Saxon leader). According to Geoffrey, king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to make a fitting memorial for the slain men. Merlin came up with a journey to Ireland for the aim of relocating the huge ring stone circle to England. Now Geoffrey says that these stones were brought by giants from Africa as they were so enormous to be a work of human beings. These stones were then situated on â€Å"Mount Killaraus† and were then used as a place for doing rituals and for the purpose of healing. The

A look into the perspective of Operation Management in the context of Essay

A look into the perspective of Operation Management in the context of a Bank Call Centre - Essay Example Thus, the relationships and observations are considered to be independent of the theories used to explain them and can hence be studied, manipulated at will, and controlled as needed by the researcher. Another major characteristic of rationalist research is the goal of determining the distributions of a set of pre-specified variables in the population or verifying a set of pre-specified relationships. The main focal pint is to primarily considering the rationalist methods of modeling by equations, laboratory experiments, and statistical survey analysis in making comparisons to case research. Note that the division here does not parallel a frequently-used one of dividing operations management research between so-called 'theoretical' a misnomer, since all these paradigms can be theoretical and 'empirical' methods. Typical equation-modeling research would include variants of the economic order quantity formulation as well as production-inventory system simulations. Statistical survey research is currently being used in quality management, supply chain, and technology management investigations, among many others. Rationalist research methods also have their draw-b... First, obtaining valid empirical generalizations depends to a large extent on the use of sampling procedures that are rigorous, representative of a well-specified population, and provides a source of information concerning the constructs to be measured. Yet, despite the importance of employing rigorous sampling criteria for generalizability of the findings, the great majority of quantitative studies based on sampling appear to use samples of convenience or opportunity. A call center is a service network in which agents provide telephone-based services. Customers that seek these services are delayed in tele-queues. The attempt summarizes an analysis of a unique operation management record of call center operations. The data comprise a complete operational history of a small banking call center such as UTI, call by call, over a full year. Telephone call centers allow groups of agents to serve customers remotely, via the telephone. They have become a primary contact point between customers and their service providers and, as such, play an increasingly significant role in more developed economies. For example, it is estimated that call centers handle more than 78% of all business interactions and that they employ more than 2.5 million people. While call centers are technology-intensive operations, often 70% or more of their operating costs are devoted to human resources, and to minimize costs their managers carefully track and seek to maximize agent utilization. Well-run call centers adhere to a sharply-defined balance between agent efficiency and service quality, and to do so, they use queuing-theoretic models. The UTI center provides several types of services: information for current and prospective customers,

BMW Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BMW Report - Research Paper Example The plant, property and equipment for the company amounted to â‚ ¬ 11,685 million and â‚ ¬ 11,427 million in the years 2011 and 2010 respectively. The depreciation expenses that have been charged on the property, plant and equipment of the company amounted to â‚ ¬ 2,324 million in the year 2011. The depreciation expenses have increased by â‚ ¬ 23 million from the 2010 figure which was â‚ ¬ 2,301 million (BMW Group, 2012, p.57). If we look at the cash flow statement of the BMW group as presented in its recent annual report for the year 2011, the following details could be found regarding the depreciation expenses, sales and purchase of property by the company and gains from the sale of property and equipment by the company for the year 2011: Depreciation and amortization of other intangible, tangible and investment assets amounted to â‚ ¬ 3,654 million. There was no gain / loss of tangible and intangible assets and marketable securities as observed in the cash flow statement. Investment in intangible assets and property, plant and equipment amounted to â‚ ¬ 3,679 million. Proceeds from the disposal of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment amounted to â‚ ¬ 53 million. The ratio of capital expenditure of the company to its generated revenues for the year 2011 was 5.4%. This figure remained unchanged from the previous year figure (BMW Group, 2012, p.19).

Report on the book Great Leaders Grow by Ken Blanchard Essay

Report on the book Great Leaders Grow by Ken Blanchard - Essay Example Choosing the book was on the basis of past experiences where the authors have written other books pertaining leadership styles while sessions with the media caused their awareness. According to the book’s title, I expect to learn more ways of becoming a great leader and the different leadership styles present in the business sectors. I also expect to gain knowledge that will help me clarify the debate that argues whether a leader is born or made. The book has portrayed several objectives through character evaluation. The main purpose of the book according Blanchard is to create awareness on the strategies and procedures of becoming a great leader (Blanchard and Miller 3). It is evident through how the authors have defined the acronym GROW. It includes the four steps that should be followed by potential leaders towards growth and become great leaders. The meanings have been allocated to different chapters in the book. The letter "G" represents ‘Gaining Knowledge to help the leaders develop their skills. There are different ways that are illustrated in the book on how to help an individual obtain information at workplaces and organizations. Primarily, is to understand an individual’s personal strengths and weaknesses (Blanchard and Miller 33). The character Blake has been used to share his personal weaknesses with Debbie to help him get a job and become a leader. Once they are highlighted, the leader should seek solutions for their weaknesses to ensure there are no setbacks in the leadership process. After a personal exploration, the individual should try to understand other people in lower levels of the business (Blanchard and Miller 44). It will help in gathering knowledge on tastes and preferences of the followers in case the person is appointed as a leader. A great leader should also be open to change and at all time be a leadership student. Leadership is a continuous process and a leader should be ready to get new ideas

Woodrow Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woodrow Wilson - Essay Example From the economic perspective, Woodrow Wilson established several successful policy reforms. In 1913, as a part of economic reforms, Underwood tariff has been lowered from 40% to 25% (Clements, 1992). Wilson provided compensation for this decrease in the form of federal income tax, supported with the Sixteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. In addition, Wilson initiated complex reforms supporting farming business in the United States, including programs of educational support and initiatives providing farmers with low-cost long-term mortgages (Clements, 1992). Woodrow Wilson also became famous for his support for small and medium business and enactment of antitrust policies. Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of ideology in understanding Woodrow Wilson's politics. While Wilson scholars have examined his idealism, few have traces ideological and religious roots of principles that formed his mindset. Practically, during the period of American neutrality from 1914 to 1917, he made numerous public speeches that afford insight into his religious beliefs, their relationship to his understanding of presidential leadership, good government, and especially foreign policy (Knock, 1992). Wilson believed that good leaders used oratory to inform people of important issues and guide them to support the best practices. As the importance of the issue or policy at stake rose, so did the importance of speaking on it. Wilson's speeches reflect what he thought the public need to know to approve his plans and undertakings, and the concepts he used to gain that approval. Wilson continuously stressed his impartiality in the exercise of his duties. As chief executive, he claimed to express the opinion of American citizens, rather than his own. He clarified that he did not confuse the opinion of newspapers editorials and the popular view. "With all due respect to editors of great newspapers, I have to say to them that I never take my opinions of the American people of their editorials" (Link, 32:29). Being president denied him expression of his opinion, as his job required he focus exclusively on the country's interests and not his own. Wilson's stress on national opinion reflected his need to interact with the people beyond the confines of Washington, D.C. As he stated during a Flag Day celebration: "I felt caught up and buoyed along by the great stream of human purpose which seemed to flow in front of me by the stand at the White House, and I shall go away from this meeting, as I came away from that parade, with all the deepest purposes of my heart re newed" (Link, 37:224). Wilson's expressions of his desire for contact with non-politicians and government functionaries reinforced the image he cultivated of a common man elected to serve the people. He regularly described himself as an average man, despite Ph.D., a brief period as a lawyer, and years spent as a college professor and president (Clements, 1992). As a common man, Wilson operated as an associate, servant or helper. He explained the function of both Congress and the President as servants of the people. By arguing that public officials needed to confer with their people

Why was OJ Simpson found not guilty in the criminal proceedings, and Essay

Why was OJ Simpson found not guilty in the criminal proceedings, and found liable in the civil proceedings - Essay Example y considered to have been poorly administered by the presiding judge (Lance Ito), and despite the introduction of considerable forensic and circumstantial evidence pointing to the defendant’s guilt, Simpson was acquitted in October 1995. However, in the civil trial alleging wrongful death and concluded in February 1997, the verdict was otherwise. This disparity in results has raised a number of questions concerning such matters as actual guilt, double jeopardy, and the like. In criminal litigation, the burden of proof is on the state. â€Å"The state [or ‘prosecution’] must prove that the defendant is guilty. The defendant is assumed to be innocent; [and therefore] the defendant needs to prove nothing†¦ [Furthermore,] in criminal litigation, the state must prove that the defendant satisfied each element of the statutory definition of the crime, and the defendant’s participation, ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ [Standler, 2002].† Conversely, in civil litigation, while the initial burden of proof, as in criminal cases, falls to the plaintiff (paralleling the prosecution in a criminal proceeding), â€Å"when the plaintiff has made a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to refute or rebut the plaintiff’s evidence [Standler, 2002].† Equally important, in civil proceedings the requirement that the jury be convinced ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ is replaced by a jury’s col lective satisfaction that the ‘preponderance of evidence’ points to the defendant’s guilt or negligence. In California, no one may be convicted in a jury trial criminal proceeding (vice trial by presiding judge alone), except in those instances when the jury is unanimously agreed on the defendant’s guilt. Conversely, in civil proceedings, the plaintiff prevails if nine or more of the twelve jurors concur in the defendant’s guilt or negligence. Since no formal punishment attaches to conviction in a civil proceedings, matters at issue that have been resolved in

Compare and contrast the political and economical rights of the free Essay

Compare and contrast the political and economical rights of the free working class in the united states during the 1780s with the 1830s - Essay Example In this same the period, the capitalist mode of production appeared. Many of the workers were not happy, giving rise to the first strike. The journeymen organized the first rule to govern their rights â€Å"rule of the game† and this is what made them prosper. Here it is evident that the first political and economic rights were oppressing the workers a lot but there have been numerous changes, which gave the workers (artisans) more power.i The bill of rights has several amendments that help to streamline the coexistence of the people and the laws. Amendment V1 gives a suspect the right to remain silent in an absence of their lawyers. The suspect has the chance to enjoy fast and fair trial publicly, and have their witnesses to testify in favor of them. Amendment 1 gives the people the right to worship anywhere, freedom of expression even the freedom to question the government performance. Amendment V 111 does not allow extortion of people in the court of law or by the police when giving out fines or bails. The amendment also protects the prisoners from severe punishments. Amendment 11 allows people to own licensed firearms. For economic development to prosper there is the need for security for people to be in a conducive environment. All these amendments are to ensure that there is a protection of the citizen’s rights both economically and politically. ii Marcus Rediker states that in between 1770 to 1830, labor was turned to be a commodity that the workers would display to the masters, giving rise to a centralized mode of agriculture. Centralization of agriculture came with right fewer proletarians. The unruliness displayed by the proletarians made a sailor wonder â€Å"but a pair of good hands and a stout heart to recommend him?† The laborers had no rights and thereby were mistreated. In this period, only the rich alone enjoyed political and economic rights. The communal practice that was common among the Native Americans was killed by capitalism, and it

Illegal Mexican Americans Essay Example for Free

Illegal Mexican Americans Essay Over the past 10 years, traversing the U.S.–Mexico border illegally has become increasingly dangerous for would-be immigrants. Illegal immigrants face kidnapping, murder, and rape at the hands of violent drug cartels and ever more ruthless human smugglers. Crossing treacherous desert areas exposes the travelers to heat exhaustion and dehydration. Hundreds of people die every year trying to cross the border into the U.S. However, illegal immigration is dangerous not only to the illegal immigrants themselves—it is costly to societies and nations as a whole. In order to fight illegal immigration and reduce the toll on human lives, the United States must take a comprehensive approach of increasing border security and improving legal immigration procedures and public diplomacy, as well as fostering reforms and greater efforts to crack down on human smuggling in Latin America. The Heritage Foundation lays out a plan for such an approach. In August 2010, 72 would-be illegal immigrants from Mexico were lined up and executed, their bodies discovered on a remote ranch a mere 90 miles from the U.S. border. The drug gang responsible for the kidnapping and murders, Los Zetas, captured its victims as they traveled through Tamaulipas, presumably on their way to cross the border illegally into the United States. When the 72 people refused to work for the gang, they were executed. Violence against illegal border-crossers has become a regular occurrence around land and sea borders over the past decade. Criminal acts committed against illegal immigrants include kidnapping, robbery, extortion, sexual violence, and death at the hands of cartels, smugglers, and even corrupt Mexican government officials. Hundreds of individuals perish trying to cross the U.S. southwest border each year—due to heat exhaustion, drowning, and falling into the hands of the wrong people. In Mexico, violence against illegal immigrants in transit has exploded since President Felipe Calderon began his battle against the country’s transnational criminal organizations in 2006. Despite some success in thwarting these organizations, the slow pace of justice and law enforcement reform, as well as rampant corruption, has allowed organized crime to continue to thrive in Mexico. Likewise, as Mexico attempts to clamp down on narcotics operations, these increasingly multifaceted crimina l organizations turn to other sources of income, such as human smuggling and sex trafficking. The dangers of illicit movement are not confined to Mexico. Thousands of illegal immigrants attempt to reach the United States annually by sea from the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. They all put themselves at risk of abandonment, exposure, capsizing, and drowning. For many illegal immigrants, their journey to the United States does not begin at America’s southern border. Mexico serves as a starting point as well as a path of transit for people all across Latin America seeking illegal entry into the United States. Last year, Mexico’s National Immigration Institute (INM) apprehended and repatriated a total of 62,141 illegal immigrants within Mexico’s border. Of the 400,235 individuals that the INM estimates enter Mexico every year illegally, approximately 150,000—or thirty seven percent—intend to cross over into the United States. These individuals travel from their home countries throughout the region to Mexico’s 750-mile shared border with Guatemala and Belize. While the terrain is mountainous and jungle-covered, there are few checkpoints along the crossing, making it to be a hospitable environment to many would-be illegal immigrants. Yet, at Mexico’s southern border begins a dangerous journey of some 2,000 miles to the United States. Over the past several years, programs to support judicial and law enforcement reform have received greater levels of support from the U.S. government. Under the shelter of the Merida Initiative, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), U.S. agencies support a wide variety of programs geared toward institutional reform. A portion of the total $1.3 billion appropriated for the Merida Initiative in Mexico since its creation is intended to provide technical assistance to law enforcement and training to improve vetting processes. Further, at least $207 million of the aid appropriated under Merida is specifically to be used to improve judicial efficiency and effectiveness, coordinate efforts to improve prosecutorial ability, and improve court and prison management. In order to combat the problem of illegal immigration and reduce the toll on human lives, the United States must take a comprehensive approach of increasing border security and improving legal immigration procedures and public diplomacy, as well as fostering reforms and greater efforts to combat human smuggling in Latin America.